Aquatic device



Jan. 3, 1950 F. A. FISH 2,493,482

AQUATIC 'DEVICE Filed Aug. 10, 1944 9 Sheets-Sheet l FRANKLIN A. FISH FIG. I INVENTOR.

h WZWW w ffm F. A. FISH AQUATIC DEVICE Jan. 3, 1950 9 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Aug. 10-, 1944 FRANKLIN A. FISH.

FIG. |A

INVENTOR.

BY fz g I w/W ATTORNEYS Jan. 3, 1950 F. A. FISH 2,493,482

AQUATIC DEVI CE Filed Aug. 10, 1944 9 Sheets-Sheet 3 37a FRANKLIN A. FISH INVENTOR.

A TORNEYS F. A. FISH AQUATIC DEVICE Jan. 3, 1950 9 Sheets-Sheet 4 Filed Aug. 10, 1944 FRANKLIN A. FISH 3 INVENTOR.

@M/W TTO RNEYS F. A. FISH 9 9 AQUATIC DEVICE 9 Sheets-Sheet '5 Jan, 3, 15

Filed Aug. 10, 1944 FRANKLIN A. FISH INVENTOR.

BY g gf 454 M/W A RNEYS FIG. 4-

F. A. FISH AQUATIC DEVICE Jane 3;, 1195@ 9 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Aug. 10 1944 FRANKLIN A. FISH INVENTOR.

(47%; I TORNEYS FIGS Jan. 3, 1950 Filed Aug. 10, 1944 FISH AQUATIC DEVICE 9 Sheets-Sheet '7 FRANKUN A. FiSH INVENTOR.

Jan. 3, 1950 F. A. FISH 2,493,482

AQUATIC DEVICE Filed Aug. 10, 1944 9 Sheets-Sheet 8 632 Jig 738 FIG. l4 w, FIGIS FRANKLIN A. FiS'H INVENTOR.

lax WM TORNEYS Jan. 3, 1950 F. A. FisH 2,493,432

AQUATIC DEVICE Filed Aug 10, 1.944 9 Sheets-Sheet 9 FRANKLIN A. FISH INVENTOR.

BYW/

A QRNEYS Patented Jan. 3, 195

STATE s PATENT OF'FlC AQUA'fl c fzillGE assignor to Link Manufacturing; C.ompany;. Ltdl, .Gananoque, Ontario, Canada, a-.corpora--;-

tion-of Canada ApplicationAugust 10, 1944, Serial No. 548,894

5:01aims; 12

- This invention relates to an aquatic device useful in the training of students to control real aircraft in flight; alternativelyit maybe used as arr-amusement device:

As -will be later described indetail the preferred embodiment of this invention-comprises-a fuselage having a seat for a; student mounted upon a central streamlined-"vertical column. A pair of pontoons'are provided, one on each side of the fuselage parallel thereto. and-positioned slightly To the lower" below the bottom of the fuselage. end of the vertical column is attached-a streamlined'chamber'"whichin'turnis afiixed' upon a larger streamlined chamber: A pair of wings much-like the conventional airplane Wings are provided, one of' these" wings being attached to each'sid-e'of the-smaller chamber and extending substantially perpendicularly to the longitudinal center lines of thefuselageand-chambers; Each of thesewings'is-attached to" the-upper rear partof thesmallerchamber, and eachwing has at itsouter endan aileron.

Attached to the chambers a-ndextending' rearwardly are" a pair of" longerons which support an.

elevator, arudder and a; horizontal stabilizer:

Within the larger-lower chamber is a" gasoline engine which-drives a propeller placed ahead-of The" the smaller chamber, wings" and ailerons. axis of rotation of this propeller, if extended;

Would-be slightly below theleading edges-'ofthe 5- pletely submerged." I When the engine within'the lower-larger chamber isstarted and is running;

at" idling speed? thepo'action of the propeller and water causes thedevice to move forward very slowly-x However; if 'the-sp'eed'of the engine'be' increased-sufiicientl'y the apparatus achieves for-- wardspeed; and the forwardspeed maybe increasedto suchan extent that-the coaction of thewings-andailerons with-thewater may lift the" pontoons and the ,upperpart of the'central vertical column=out of -the water. As a result, the fuselage-"is elevated relative to" the surface of thewater: the'propelleror wingsa-nd ailerons approach the surface of the--water.

A's will be later more fullydescribed, within the Also within the larger chamber The whole device I may be elevated untiltrainer fuselage is a control stick which simulates fiiil' the control stick or control column in a real plane-;..

l edge oath-e left aileron goes up. and the rear edge;- of the right aileron goes down, thereby causing;-

a banking to the left of the fuselage'and other parts ofthe device-just asa corresponding movement of the control stick in .aireal1plane. causes; a-aban'king to the. left/30f the planea Aamovement in the opposite directioncof the control stickcauses: opposite movements of.-the.v ailerons; an consequentlya banking to the-might of: the apparatus results.

Also, .if the; controh. stick; be; pushed; forwardthe rear. edgeofrthe elevator goesdown and by; virtue ofthe coaction of. the. elevator with the; water in. which it; is" submerged: theapparatus: dies. in simulation: of. the.- diving of a. real plane in. actual flight inresponse to; corresponding movements: of the; control stick and elevator; On; the other hand, a rearwardlmotion ofthecontrol: stick:.causes;the fuselage and other parts of the deviceto assume-lazc-limbingattitude;

Within the fuselage and placed ahead of aseat isza. pair ofrudder pedals; A pushing forward of the left rudder pedal by the studentresults: in amovement of therear edge of the rudder 'to the left and bylcoa-ction-lwith thewaterthe device: turnstovtheleftgin simulation of the turning to the left of a real plane in actual flight'in response to. similar movements: 0f:the:rudder pedals and rudder. A pushing ahead of the right'rudder. pedal, on the; other hand, results ina'turningto the right of the device.

vide means whereby. the above resultant turning;

of the device caused byra'banking. thereof maybe: decreased or overcome by anappli'cation of the: rudder opposite. thedirectiomofthe bank, and? means; whereby the degree of turn may. beincreasedb'y the application of'the rudder-on the sideiof theidevice in athedirectionofthe turn:

Another object of my invention-21s to-provide' Also, a further object of my invention is to provide means whereby a simulated air speed indicator in the device may be made to closely simulate the functioning of the air speed indicator inareal plane.

Another object of my invention is to provide the wings of the device with sharp leading edges,

whereby the performance of the device is greatly improved.

Other, related objects of the invention will become apparent as the description proceeds. Reference is now made to the accompanying figures which show a preferred embodiment of the invention.

In the figures,

Fig. 1 is a general view of the exterior of the device. showing many of the parts described above.

Fig. 1A is a perspective view of the rudder, ele

vator and stabilizer arrangement.

Fig. 2 is a schematic view of the means connecting the control stick with the elevator and ailerons as well as the means connecting the rudder pedals with the rudder.

matic turn with bank, delayed action throttle control means, the engine and battery and other parts of the invention are also shown in Fig. 2. Fig. 3 is a detailed view showing the mechanical and electrical arrangement of the delayed action throttle assembly.

- Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the electrical wiring of the preferred embodiment of this invention.

' Fig. 5 is an enlarged view of the turn with bank mechanism.

Fig. 5A is a detailed view of the switching means of the turn with bank mechanism.

Fig. 6 is a longitudinal cross sectional View of a part of the device.

" Fig. 6A shows an alternate form of the main chamber; 7

Fig. 7 shows an alternative pontoon arrangement which may be used with the device.

Fig. 8 shows the relative positions of the propeller and wings to give maximum lift.

Figs. 9-13 show various positions of the device with respect to the water.

Figs. 14 and 15 are detailed views of a part of the air speed indicating system.

7 7 General description Reference is now made to Fig. 1 which discloses in general the fuselage I mounted rigidly upon the top of an all-metal welded, streamlined and watertight structure or nacelle, designated generally by [5. This nacelle I is composed of a cen-' tral, hollow vertical'column 12, an upper chamber l4 and a lower chamber I6, all suitably welded together forming one integral streamlined unit or structure, as seen in Fig. 1. Vertical column l2 hassharp vertical leading and trailing edges I1 and 19 while chambers 14 and 16 have sharp verticaljleading edges 2| and 23 as well as a com- The horizontal stabilizer means, means for accomplishing automon sharp trailing edge 21. Further the bottom of chamber 16 is fiat as are the upper surfaces 29 and 29a. The sharp leading edges are provided in order to reduce the resistance of the 'water to the device as it moves therethrough, and the fiat bottom and tops increase the stability of the device. To the sides of the upper chamber l4 and attached towardthe rear upper parts thereof are a pair of Winglike members 18 and 20. The left wing is designated by I8 and is attached to the left side of chamber 14 while right wing 20 is attached to the right side of chamber l4. These wings preferably have an exterior shape as shown in Figs. 1 and 6, the leading edges of the wings being higher than the trailing edges to give a positive angle of attack when the device is in level flight. It should be noted that the leading edges of the wings are not curved as is the case in conventional airplanes. Instead the wings have sharp leading edges, made necessary by the density of the medium through which they move. wings is substantially flat except for a slight upward curvature near the leading edge, and the upper surface of each of the wings is cambered. At the outer end of left wing I8 is left aileron 22 and at the right end of wing 20 is the right aileron 24. These ailerons are preferably shaped as seen in Fig. 1. Aileron 24 is rigidly affixed to transverse shaft26 as will be later more fully described and aileron 22 is likewise affixed to a similar shaft 25.

A strap 20a is integral with each of the wings and a bolt 20b may be placed in a hole in the rear end of the strap and through any one of several holes in a vertical plate 200 afiixed to the rear of chamber 14. The angle of incidence of the wings may thus be varied. r

Two tubular longerons 28 and 32 are welded to the trailing edge of the streamlined chambers, 14 and I6 of the nacelle l5. Lower longeron 28 is positioned at a point near the flat bottom of chamber [6, while upper longeron 32 is positioned directly above as shown. The rear ends of these two longerons are joined together, as bywelding,

with a strut 30, as best seen in Fig. 1A. This longeron structure is used to support therudder,.

elevator and stabilizer, as will now be more fully described.

Rudder 34 is shaped as shown in Figs. 1 and 1A, having a sharp leading edge, and it is rotatably mounted upon vertical shaft 36 which is. partially within the rudder 34 positioned some distance from the leading edge of the rudder to provide a balanced rudder. The lower end of vertical shaft 35 is fixedly mounted within bracket 38 which is welded to strut 30 while the upper end of shaft 36 is fixedly positioned in another bracket 39 which also is welded to the same strut. Lever 4D is rigidly affixed to the top of rudder 34, this lever being rotatably mounted upon shaft 36. A pair of links 42 and 44 emerge from the lower rear portion of cham strut 30. Braces 41 and 49'have their lower .ends.

The bottom of each of the aflikeds to: struts- 30s and: theirzupper ends .to: rod 181 tosupportthedefitiand; right ends; respectively: ofiitransverseerod 4B3:

- Welded: toi the. leading: edges t; elevator? 4 6: are as pain offsleeves 5 I:-:- and: 53 which; encircle rod 481' to; allows elevatorz-lfi to" pivot". thereab'out; pair off's1otss55 areprovided inzthez trailing edge of:horizontallstabilizer 52 -;to= allovwthe sleeves 5l and:535to:encircle rods; and alsoto provide opening-sifor braces'dfl and-i4! to:attach tomod: 481i" Therear'edgeeof stabilizer 52 isl-slotted1a't- 51: tolall'ow bracket: 511i torengage shaft:48si In asmuch: the trailing edge of: stabilizer. 52:isrotatablyi mountediupon rod 485 elevator 4 6tand= stabilizer- 52 v aresfreeatopswing about: rod 485 for purpcses which .wil'lihe'mores fully described-later.

Afiixed by meansrof: screws? 59%? to the lower side or elevator lfi i-is curved"bracket: G l to the forward end or which is piwotally. connected.

rear end of 'linka6'3; the greaterspart of! which is within longeron 32 .1 Likewise aflixeditoz thelower. side i or" stabilizer 52 by means of: screws! 65 is bracket 67- to' theiower: "endioff which is pivotallyconnected? therear end: of link: 69', the forward end of which is pivotally mounted:v upon transverse stub shat-t 'I-Hwhichis integral with block 1 3 within longeron' -fi i- Aaslotfmii inllongeronr32z allows: reciprocation: or link- I 5 within: the lone gerom the rear end ofi this link- I5 being con-1 n'eotedto :blocl i 13 Mansior actuatinglinks: GIi and 'ISLWill be later'pointed out;

Referringnowtol ig; 1, from thesleading. edge off chamber I Mand at'a point near: its upper flat: surface-N abearing housing 56-- integral with chamber I4 is provided;v ShaitaEB' is-rotatably mounted" in suitable bearings. (not: shown): in housing- ES a-nd has-'rigidly afiixed to its. outwardly extending end propeller 6 0. This propeller 50? preferably a Hyde type 12 inch diameter; 12

inch pitch. The axis of rotation of this pros peller, if 1 extended; would be: slightly .bBlOW. a; dine connecting the leading edges: of the wings t8: andZD:

The location 01 the propeller a substantial distanceahead of the wings and at-abouta the same height as the wings is 1 important; sot that. the wash ofthe propeller maybe lltfllZidiztOi. give added lift 'to' the wings', When so-placeditcis; believed that most of the wash of: theiapropeller passes=over and in contactwitl'i the top of the wings; reducing the pressure thereon andathereby resu1-ting-'-in more liffi.'- Extensive experimenter tion was: required to find the? best: position. to locate.the-propelleri' Rigidly attached to-the: bottom of 'a frameslnot' show-n) supporting fuselage II} are a. pair oftransverse spans 62 andiBd: and rigidly aflikedlto oneof the outer'ends. of each of theseltwo spans isa pontoon 66 or: 68C

Attached to the-rear of fuselage. I1). is aidetachablestationary rudder. Ill. simulating the rudder of a real plane; One end of guide rod 12 isattach'ed to this. rudder as shown, the other end ofi'which-isfastened to the top of fuselage Ill just to-the rear: otthe *seat'IIi'within fuselage ID; This rod-I2 andaz-pair of guides 11: (only oneshown) act as guidesupon which transparent, sli'dable hoode'IS): travels when opening and closing-the-tentrance to the cockpit I4. Ahead of seat'lfiZ within cockpit T4 are the instrument panel "and control-stick 80. The throttle controL lever-is designated: 82, while a windshield 83 is also provided-.-

Fuselage I0:- is preferably. watertightrand isprovided: with side: paneling; (not shown)- sepa- 6 ratectfrom; the outsidezof the-fuselage andwith a; floor (not ;shownlalso separatedrfroms thee bottom: ofzthe: fuselage; arrangement' is:: pros vid'ed' :asrwi-ll be::.-b'etter= latem understood: in: order that certaintoi: thei'partsz ofithezinventionmaiy be freevfrom danger ofcbeing damagedzby thejoper ator;

Eorwardispeed: and: lift:

Reference is now made to Figs; 2'landt 4*whiclr show theignition switch 90". When this switch: is 1 closed battery 921s" connected to" coil '94 which in turn is1connectedito the" distributor 9B which; is connected to the spark plugsi98' of the four'cyl inder horsepowerengine I00. A'conventional" timing device? I 017' and condenser I0'3 seenin Fig; 4areialso provided. A- conventional starter button and choke (not-shown). mayjbe usedto start engine: I00"; The" ignition system is, therefore; of a conventional type;

When engine I 00 is started the" Vl-pulley I02 rigidly mounted upon 'theoutputishaftd'fl l of the enginelwillbe rotated; and by meanst'of V bolt I06 pulley I08.which is'rigidly afiixed to the shaft 58loflprop eller.fifl'willi'be rotated. Actually, there are provided four V-pullys I02, four Vebelts I06? and. four v -pull'eys I08? but for the sake of "simplice it'y only one of Leach ofthese members isshown in Fig. 2.' Referring to Figrfi 'b'attery SZTispref-T- erably located, for weightdistribution, within lower chamber. Ifitowardlthe leading edge. 23 of thisv chamber and engine I IJDLLis located. immediately therebehind. .V-pulleyr 1024s within chamber I61 while-V:-pulley I 08\is within.u-pper chamber I 4 asfis the. propeller shaft- 58: Aspreviously explained, the forward. end of propeller. shaft-58 is rotatably; mounted withintbearinghousing. 56. while the rearward. endsof' this-shaftis rotatabl-y; mounted within v abracket- (not shown) rigidlyt attached: tothe inside ofi chamber: I 4.

,Also shown in Fig.- 2 iSfihGffihtOfifilG? lever 82 to. which: reference has been previously: made: As seen: in Fig 1' this throttlezisopivotallyg mounted in bracket. I I03 which'is'i-ri'gidly 'afiixedito, the in, terior. of; the: leftzside of; thercockpit at alpoint' aheadiof seat: 16 Throttle 8:2;pivots2about 1the point designated iniFiguz bm'the; number: H2; and rigidly. aflixedi; ttr: thee bottom: end. of: this: throttle is stud I I 4 ,thei other: end of? whichu in turn is rigidly afli-xed to sleeve- I l6;- Ai second sleeve (not shown) is inside sleeve II6 andxaf; fixed to link I I8; Fixedly mounted uponlink II8 are a pair of stops I21! and I2 2? Ehcircling link H8 and between sleeve Ilfi'and stop I217 is a compression'spring" I 24 whilea-second compression' spring liliencircleslink Wand is-between the-other end 'of sle'eve" I I6 and stop I221" Fixedly attached to--link- II-8 -ata point-ahead of stop IZZ-is stud lzaiuponthe'outer endzof' which is'pivota'lly mounted therear end" of link I32. The forward-end of link I 321s pivotally connected to? the lower arm: ofbelrcrank I315. This bell" crank is; behind the" instrument panel 18' shown in Fig; .1 and is pivotally mountedat the point. I381upon a shaft (not shown)" which may be fixedtothe left innerside of. fuselage I0. Affixedto. the upper. end of"bell' crank, I36 is flexible cable I407which extends downwardly and encircles pulley I.42v.which is. rotatably mounted at a point nearithebottom of..fuselage II3Ztrans.-. verse of hollow centraLVerticaI column I2; Cable I 40' then runs transversely along the bottoms of fuselage; I (Lbelow the flooroflthewtuselage andien-ncircles pulley; I44 which isflrotatablw mounted. in

a member (not'shown) near theupper. opening of vertical column I2. Cable I40 then runs downwardly. along the inside of vertical member I2 and encircles pulley I46 which is rotatably mounted upon a member. (not shown) near the bottom of chamber I6. Cable I40then runs for-'- ward along the bottom of chamber I6 and its other end attaches to arm I 48 which has its upper end rigidly attached to shaft I50 upon which is rigidly affixed butterfly valve I52 which controls the flow of mixture from.'carbur'etor I51 to engine I00. Air'is admitted to lower chamber I6 by means of chamber I4 and column I2, and the carburetor air intake I55 may be provided with a conventional choke valve. A tension spring I54 has one end attached to arm I48 at a point be-. low where cable. I40 attaches thereto, and the Y column I2 emerges from the water to an iiiother'end of spring I54 is rigidly afiixed to stud I I56 which is rigidly attached to engine I00.

I Still referring to Fig. 2 and bearing in mind the preceding structural arrangement, a pushing forward of throttle lever 82 (to the right as seen in Fig. 2), which movement simulates the opening of the throttle of a real plane in actual flight, results in a movement to the rear of the lower end of throttle lever 82, sleeve H6 goes in the same direction and by means of compression spring I24 and stop I20 link H8 is moved to the rear. Link I32 and'the lower end of bell crank I36 will'therefore move in the same direction and the upper end of bell crank I36 moves upwardly, thereby pulling in that direction the end of cable I40 which is attached thereto. The other end of cable I40 will therefore move to the rear and the lower end of arm I48 will move in the same direction against the action of spring I54. Butterfly valve I52 will rotate in a clockwise direction as seen in Fig. 2 and will be opened, admitting more mixture to engine I00. The speed of engine I will be increased. If the throttle were not in a completely closed position it will be understood that a pulling to the rear of the upper end of the throttle lever (a movement to the left in Fig. 2), which movement simulates the closing of the throttle in a plane in actualfiight, butterfiy valve I52 by virtue of the'action of tension spring I54 will be rotated in a counterclockwise direction as seen in Fig. 2 to a more closed position. The speed of engine I00 will then be reduced. 7

" The relation of the delayed action throttle assembly designated generally in Fig. 2 by I58 to the throttle lever 82, butterfly valve I52, and associated parts will be later described. 7 The preceding description has disclosed means whereby the opening and closing of throttle 82 may control the speed of engine I00 and, therefore, the speed of propeller 60. When engine I00 is not running, is idling, or is running only. fast enough to move the device through the water at a relatively slow rate, the pontoons 6 6 and 68 are partially submerged, as seen in Fig. 9, the pontoons providing .the necessary buoyancy to prevent the device from sinking. When throttle 82 is openedsufficiently far, engine I00 drives propeller 60 at an increased rate to cause the apparatus to move through the water at several miles per hour. When the speed of the forward movement of the apparatus reaches a given point'the coaction of the wings I8 and 20 and ailerons22 and 24 with the water provides sufficient lift that the whole device moves upwardlyso that the pontoons 66 and 68 leave the waterand the central vertical creasing extent. The degree of emergence of the apparatus from the water depends in part upon the amount of liftwhich in turn depends upon the speed of propeller 60 which governs the rate of forward movement of the apparatus through the water.- This results from the fact that as the wings I8 and 20 and ailerons 22 and. 24 move through the'water at an increased rate the lift produced thereby increases and is sufii cient to support a greater proportion of the apparatus above thewater in spite of the loss of the buoyancy resulting from the pontoons completely leaving the water and the central column I'2 partially coming out of the water. It is possible with the apparatus of this invention to achieve sufiicient' forward speed of the device to lift all of the apparatus above the top of the propeller out of the water. This situa tion is shown in Fig. 10 where the horizontal line 3I designates the surface of the water. However, as soon as the propeller emerges its driving efiect is lost, forward speed drops and, consequently, the device settles in the water until the propeller is again submerged.

' Referring again to Fig. 2, the control stick 80 is shown, the integral bottom portion of which is formed as an enclosed fork I60. Longitudinal shaft I62 extends through the opening I64 of fork I60, being pivoted to the sides of the fork by pin I66. This shaft I62 is rotatably mounted within brackets (not shown) between the floor of the cockpit and the'bottom of fuselage I0. It can readily be seen that this arrangementv provides for the easy movement of the stick 80- fore and aft and side to side, in simulation of the movements of a real control stick in a real plane. The forward end of link I10 lspivotally attached to, fork I60 and the other end of link I10 is pivotally-connected to the upper arm of bell crank I74 which is pivotally mounted about the point I76 by means of a shaft and brackets (not shown) which are positioned alongthe center line of the bottom of fuselage I0 near the point where the rear edge of hollow vertical column I2 joins fuselage I0. The upper end of vertical link I80 is pivotally connected to the other arm of bell crank I14 and the lower end of link I80 is pivotally connected to the forward arm of bell crank I84 which is pivotallymounted about the point I86 as seen in Fig. 6'. To the other arm of bell crank I84 is pivotally connected the front end of link I90, to the other end of which is pivotally connected the right end of arm I94. The other end of this arm is rigidly affixed to vertical shaft 200 which passes through a conventional stuffing box 202 which is also positioned as seen in Fig. 6. Stuffing box 202 provides a watertight fitting for reasons which willlater be described.

I To'the upper end of vertical shaft 200 is affixed arm 204 upon the movable end of which is pivoted the forward end of link 208. The other end of link 2518 is pivotally connected tovgenerally vertical 'arm 2I2 which is pivotally connected at its upper end to the bracket 2I4.' The forward end of link 63 is pivotally connected to arm 2I2 as shown, the other end of which is pivotally attached to curved bracket 6| which is best seen in Fig. 1A. It will be'recalled this bracket is aflixed to the lower side of elevator 46 by means plane in =actuahhight, =w'hen the control stick of "the plane is pushed fonward the elevator "pivots about its'leading e'dge and the' rear'endof the -elevator .goes. down. The interaction of the elevator-andthe air throughiwhich the plane is flying results in a greater hit upon the-tail of the plane, I the tail goes up and, there-fore,'- theplane assumes a diving position. Onithenther' hand, ifthe control stick be moved rearwardly the elevator respondsin' the opposite manner-and the plane assumes'a'climbing attitude. Referring now-tdFig. 2, 'when control stick 8?) ispushed forward/fork "I651 will-pivoh-about pin l fifi'and link flflmoves to the rear. The upper endbf bell crank 1'14 =-moves= to the rear while its other end-andlink 1'80 =move-downwardly 'The en dof bell crank 184 connected tdlink-l-BO will move in the same direction and the other arm of this bell crank *will'move' to therear. drink I90 therefore moves in the same "direetion-andarm 1 94 is-rotated in a clockwise direction-as seen from above. "Shaft 290 and arm 2=94-are rotated Y in the same direction and, consequently, -link '208 "moves ahead as does-"the hott-omoflever 2'|'2,link' 83 and curved brackets-l *Elevator'46 will therefore be pivoted about rod- 58, "the-rear end of the elevator being lowered. Ifthe--dev'ice'-is moving through the water-at an appreciable rate the increased pres- "sureof-the Water upon the lower surface of elevator 85 will cause the "rear end of "the'device to "move upward-1y and-therefore the fuselage lilassumes a -"diving position. This-situation is shown in Fig. "1*3. Therefore, a-pushing aheadof control stick 80 causes fuselage ill to assume adiving "attitude just-asthe pushing ahead of the-=control 1 sit-ion, asshown in Fig. '12.

'The effect of the movements of elevator 46 in response 'tothe movements .of control .stick 1.80 of course depend upon'the'ispeedo'f the elevator 45 'through'ithe water. Inthe event engine N10 is .merely idling i the device "settles in the water as shown in Eig. 9 'an'cl.'makes':very' slightforward 'movementthroughthe water. "Consequently fore and aftmovement of control stick 8'11 will not cause the -device :toassume acIimbing or diving attitude. 'Howeverga's thespeed of the 'engine is 'increase'd'in response to the'm'ovementsofthrottle 8-2 "and the "device moves "forward through the "watcratanincreased rate, theelfectof't-he movets er elevator 46 upontheclimbingand *divingr, of fuselage ill increases proportionately.

"Referring "again, "for the purposes of com- "parison, to the operationof'a real "plane, thepilot may "causethe' plane toleave the-ground by*neutralizin-gthe fore and aft-position "of the control "stickin-th-e plane, therebycentering the elevator and then' by --an opening --or the throttle cause the plane-to increase its speed down the runway or water until the resultingli'ftis su'fiicient'to raise "the craftintothe air. However, such is notthe -"normal'procedure. Instead, the pilot, with *the Fuselage It will therefore 'assumelaclimbing p-o- -control=stiek and elevator in'a generally neutral positionfidirects the -plane down the runway or "water until' he knows that sufiicientsp'eed has been realized so that upon-apulling' back of the control-stick in" theplane and airesulting upward movemen t' of the rearedge of the elevator, the tall of theplanewill go' down, increasing'the angle ofatta6k of the -wingsj thereby increasing lift sufficiently to "cause the plane to clear the ground --or---wa.ter. The apparatus of .this invention may "becontrolle'd'to simula'ite this phase of real flight. -When-theoperator' in' -the fuselage it! knows that *thedevice is-moving'xthrough the water at a sum- -c-iently rapid'rate that a pulling backward of :the control stick a'fl will cause the rear endo'f elevator 46 to risej forcing the tailor thedevice 'downward- -ly and increasing -the angle oi -attack: of'the -wings +8 and 20 with -respect to lthe water to produce "a *suflicientinoreasein lift, hemay pull back on -'the-'control -stick ='8l! "and the resulting increased iift'willcause the pontoons as well asithe upper partofcentrabcolumn l-2* to rise cutof the water, thereby simulating the 'leaving of the ground or water or a real plane.

Horizontal stdbilizmg means .In an airplane means are provided whereby the pilot may "trim the "shiprso that it will fly .in level flight without'the pilot holding the :con-

trol stick in a given position. These. means 'com .prisegenerally'a'hand wheel which'may'be manually turned 'bythejpilot,itheturning of thehand wheel positioning the horizontal stabilizer about its transverse axis until 'the lift iuponthe tail .group of the ship is right'to keepthe plane in level forward .flight. .Means for accomplishing the same results inthe apparatus of this'invention will nowlbe disclosed.

iReferringitolEigs. 11 and:2 there. is disclosed inside cockpitiT l'upon theleftsidethereof 'a hand wheel "22 8 which. is fixed .upon horizontal "transverse shaft'230 which issuitab'ly held ;by brackets not shown. Rig'idly affixed'upon the other end of this shaft is pulley wheel 232 "and encircling this wheel is anend'less "cablef234. Twopulleys .236 are. suitably rota'tably mounted "between the paneling .along the side of thecockpit and the "left si'deofifuse'lage 1'0 and both branchesof endless cable .2 sd'extendhorizontally and rearwardly :from pulley 232 eachfbranchucoacting with one ofthe pulleys236'and'extending downwardly between the left paneling and left side of fuselage Ill. A second pair of pulleys"238 are suitably ro- Ztatablyimountedwupon thealeftfside of fuselage iloaata pointt:-below:.therfloorzof'sthe fuselage and each branch of. endless cable 234ccoacts with one anfithese pulleys .238, both branches runningtranswersely rota-the tuselagezsbetween the.floor and :bot-

endless cable; :2"34 coacts with'one of these pulleys 1240 "and then extends downwardly "within -central-column4'2 where the endless cable encircles pulley Wheel 2 52 rigidly aflixed upon-a shaft 2-44 whic'h 'passes through stuihng box 2'46 seen in Fig. 6. .Shaft '244'is suitably threaded -at' 245 '101' coaction-wi th nut '248which is integral with rod 15 better "seen in Figs. 1A and 2. Rod

75' has rigidlyaffixedto its rear end'b1ock '13. The arrangement of block' m :and the elements connecting-it w-ithhorizontal 'stabi1izer52 has been =prev-iously pointed out.

tical hollow central column I2.

Inview of the provision of the elements just :described it will be understood that a rotation ofhand wheel 228 will'icause a rotation of pulley 232 which, by means of endless cable 234 and the guide pulleys previously pointed out, will "cause a rotation of pulley-242.

Shaft 244 will therefore be rotated and; by virtue of the coaction of the threads 245 of shaft 244 and nut 248, shaft '15 will move toward the head or rear of the apparatus. Block 13, stud H and link 69 will move accordingly and by means of bracket 61 horizontalstabilizer 52 will be rotated about rod 48 to raise or lower its leading edge. In the event hand wheel228 is moved in adirection to raise the leading edge of horizontal stabilizer 52 the coaction of the water and horizontal stabilizer 52 will cause an increase in pressure upon the under sideof the stabilizer, the rear of the device will go-up and the front of fuselage ID will go down.

.On the other hand a rotation of hand wheel 228 in the opposite direction will cause the leading edge of horizontal stabilizer 52 to go down and the pressure upon the 'upper'side will increase and the rear end of the apparatus-will go down.

Consequently, the front of fuselage III will rise.

When the student in the fuselage I8 is flying the device so thatthe pontoons and the upper part of central column I2 are out of the water,

if the student finds that he must hold back 7 slightly upon control stick 86. to keep the device in level fiighthe me ty means of hand wheel 228,- adjust the position of horizontal stabilizer 52 .in a manner to lower theleading edge of stabilizer 52. 'The pressure of the water upon the upper; sideof the stabilizer will be increased and the apparatus will then assume a position of level vflight without the necessity of holding back upon control stick 80. Similarly, if thestudent finds thathe has to .hold the control 'stick slightly forward .to keep the'device in level flight a rotation of hand wheel 228 in the opposite direction from the case just citedwill causethe leading edge of stabilizer 52 to rise, increasing the pressure of ,Lth water-upon. the lower side of this stabilizer and thereby keeping the trainerin level flight.

. This invention therefore provides means whereby a studentlin the trainer'may manually adjust the position of the provided horizontal stabilizer to keep the apparatus in level flight, thus making it unnecessary for him to maintain pressure on the control stick toachievethe desired flight attitude.

r I U Banking means It has'been previously pointed out that within ffuselage' In there is'provided a control stick 80 formed integrally with fork I60 through the opening I64 of which horizontal longitudinal shaft I 62, extends, it being pivoted to the sides of "fork' I60 throug'h'pin' I66.

Shaft I62, as stated, is'rotatably' mounted within a pair of brackets (not shown) between the floor of the cockpit 14 and the bottom of fuselage II); As'seen in Figs.

'2 and 6, to'the: rear end of shaft I62 is rigidly affixedlever 218 to the left end of which is connectedvertical 'link'2'l2 which is inside the ver- The bottom of link"212"is pivotally connected to the fore end of lever 216 which is pivoted about the point 218. To the rear end of lever 216 is pivotally attached ,"the'lower end of. vertical link 280, and the upper end of link 280 is pivotally connected to the rear :end of arm 284, the forward end of which is rigidly "affixed to horizontal transverse shaft ,:which,-'as has been previously stated in connection with the descriptionof Fig. 1, is rotatably mounted within wing I8 and extends to theouter 296, the upper end of which is pivotally connected to the rear end of arm 380. The fore end of arm 380 is rigidly attached to horizontal transverse shaft 26 which, as was also described in the consideration of Fig. 1, is rotatably mounted within the inside leading edge of wing 26, aileron .24 being rigidly mounted upon shaft 26 for rotation therewith.

Referring now to a plane in actual flight, when the control stick in the plane is moved to the left the trailing edge of the left aileron goes up, the trailing edge of the right aileron goes down, both ailerons pivoting about points near their leading edges. The increase in pressure caused by the impact of the air through which the plane is fiying upon the top of the left aileron and the bottom of the right aileron causes the left wing to go down and the right wing to go up. The plane therefore banks to the left. On the other hand, when thecontrol stick in the plane is moved to the right the ailerons respond in the opposite manner causing the right wing to go down, the left Wing to go up, and the plane banks to the right. 1

Consideration of the movements of the just described parts of this invention will show that the ailerons 22 and 24 of the device being de- :scribed respond to movements of the control stick link 28!] and the rear end of arm 284.

80 just as the ailerons in a real plane respond to corresponding movements of a control stick in a real plane, e. g., when control stick 80 is moved -to the left pin I66 causes a rotation of shaft I62,

the left end of lever 218 and link 212 go down while the right end of lever 218 and link 288 go up. Consequently, the fore end of lever 216 goes down, the other end of this arm goes up as does Shaft 25 is rotated clockwise as seen from the right side of the device and the trailing edge of aileron 22 goes up. Simultaneously, with these motions the fore end of arm 292 goes up, its rear end goes down as does link 296 and the rear end of arm 30!]. Shaft 26 is therefore rotated counterclockwise as seen from the right side of the device and the trailing edge of aileron 24 goes down. Therefore, a mOving to the left of control stick .80 causes the'trailing edge of aileron 22 to go up and the trailing edge of aileron 24 to go down,

these ailerons. turning with the shafts 25 and 26 upon which they are respectively mounted. Consequently, if the device is moving along through .the water at an appreciable rate of speed the ,movement upward of the rear end of aileron 22' will result in an increased pressure upon the upper surface of this aileron as a result of the coaction of the aileron with the water. This increased pressure will therefore tend; to bank the trainer to the left. At the same time, the movement downward of the rear end of aileron 24 will result in an increased pressure upon the lower side of this aileron also tending to bank the trainer to the left. This situation is shown in Fig. 11. It will be seen therefore that when the device is traveling at an appreciable speed through the water a movement of control stick 2&985582 80. to the; left causes a. banking of the: device; to thenleft. justzas: thermovement. to the left ofthe controlstick in areal plane causes a banking, to the left of the plane.

Itiis deemed :unnecessary toshow in detail that a movement to: the right. of: controlastick- 80 will result in: opposite: movements of the: ailerons 22 and 24: resulting in. an increase in pressure: upon the upper: surface of aileron. 24 andian increase inzpressures upon the lower. surface of aileron 22., thereby causing the. apparatus to bank tothe right.

Turning means In? a plane in. actual flight when the left rudder pedal'is pressed forward the rear. edge of the rudder in the plane goes to the left; the rudder pivoting about a point near its leading edge. The interaction of'the rudder with the air through which the plane is flying causes an increased pressure upon the left side of the. rudder, the tail: of the plane is therefore pushed to the right resulting in: a turning of the plane to the left. On the otherhand; if the. right rudder pedal .is pressed: forward the. trailing end of the rudder moves to the right, a greater pressure upon the right side ofthe rudder results, moving the tail of'the plane'to. the left and'causing'the plane. to turn tothe' right. The following means are incorporated in' this invention in order that the device being' described will turn to the. left or right depending upon whether the left or. right rudder pedal is pressed forward by the" student flying the apparatus.

Reference is made to: Fig. 2 Where there is shown the left rudder pedal 302 and the right rudder pedal 304; each of. these pedals being rotatably mounted upon horizontal transverse shaft 306 which in turn is fixedly mounted by means'of" set screw-3ll7 within bracket 368 which is affixed by means of screws 3!!! to the bottomof the-fuselage H) at a point ahead of the seat 16 'in-the cockpit. Cable 312 is attachedto'left rud der pedal 302 as shown, this cable running along the left side of fuselagel between" the fiooril'l the cockpit and the bottom of fuselage l0. Pulley 3l4 is suitably mounted between' the-floor of the cockpit and the bottom of the fuselage at a point n'ear'the left sideof' the fuselage opposite central column 12. Cable 3|2 is carried-by pulley 3M and turns atthi's pulley to run transverse of fuselage III to pulley 3i6-which is suitably rota-'- tably mounted near the point where-member l-2 joins the bottom of fuselage I'U; At pulley 31-6 cable 39-2- goes down central column l2 and is afiixed to the left end of lever 318 which is rigidly affixed upon the forward end of shaft 320; Lever 3I8, shaft 320 and the assembly designated 3H] shown in the bottom of Fig. 2 are located as seen in Fig. 6. Also seen in Fig. 2 is the cable 322 which is attached to-right rudder pedal 304 as show-n, and by means of pulleys324 and 326, which pulleys are located upon the right side-of the device at points corresponding to the locations of pulleys 3M and'3l B upon theleft side, cable322'connects with the right sideof lever 318.

A pushing forward of left rudder pedal 302 results ina movement-forward of the end of cable 3l2 which is connected to this rudder pedal and the left end' of lever 2H8 goes upwardly. The right end of this arm goes downward as does the end of cable 322 which isconnected thereto. Rudder pedal 3% therefore moves to the rear.

on the other hand, a pressing forward of rudder pedal 384' causes a raising of the right" end of lever 8l8 and=aloweringof the left end of this" through which shafttidpasses, the right endof lever. By means of cable 312 leftrudder pedal 3G2 moves to the rear. The movement to the rear of" one rudder pedal simultaneously with a pressing forward of. the. other simulates the movement. to the'rear of one rudder pedal in a real plane simultaneously with a-pressing'forward of. the other;

Reference is now made to Fig. 5 which is an enlarged view ofttheunit 3 i e shown at the bottom of; Fig; 2. Shaft 320 is rotatably mounted in vertical: base. 321! which is rigidly positioned as seen in:- Fig;. 6. Fixedly mounted upon the'rear end ofshaft is arm A 23 which in turn: has mounted initsother: end longitudinally extending shaft 323.. Atroller 324 and spacer 324a-are carried by shaft 323; this roller being positioned betweenv two members 325 and 325'. A pair of vertical guides 321: and 328 are rigidly held by the blocks: 329. and SB'llEnhich in turn are fixedly attached to the vertical; plate 32!. Members 325 and325= are free to=slide upon vertical guidess321 and 328.

Another: VerticalJguide 3.3l has-its lower end afiixed'to'slidable' member 325 and a stop collar 332- is placed'upon the upper end of. member 33] abovebracket Spring stfilencircles rod '8'31; the. upper: end of this spring pressing against the lower side of bracket 329-" and the lower'end; of thesp-ring presses against slidable member 32%;

Slidable rod 333 has its upper end rigidly affixed to member 325: and a collar similarato collar. 332 is placednupo-n the lowerrend' of rod ESQ-below bracket 335. Spring 335" encircles rod 336, the upper end of this spring pressing against the lower side of. slide'325 and the lower. end of this presses. against the upper surface of bracket 330.

Bearing inmind this structural arrangement, whensha-ft- 3291s turned counterclockwise as seen from. the rear,.rol-ler tiiimoves upwardly pressing against sliding member 3-25 thereby movingthis member in the same direction. The upper movement of member 325 compresses spring 3.33am! rod fil: moves upwardlyraisingcollar 3-32 above bracket 329. The collar attached to the lower end of vertical. rod 334- prevents any movement of slidingmember 325, rod 33% and spring 335. on the other hand, a rotation of shaft 320' in the opposite direction in response to rudder pedal movements causes roller 32 i'to move downwardly forcing sliding member 325 and vertical rod 334 in. the same. direction against the action of spring 335.. Collar 33? prevents, in this instance, any movementof"sl'iding.rnember vertical rod 33! and spring 333. It'will be readily understood that inth'e' absence' of any pressure on either ofthe rudder" pedals; the just described arrangement provides means for positively centering the rudderpedals.

.StillreferringtoFig. 5 lever has a slot 331 lever 3'36being retainedupcn this shaft'by virtue 'of" asuitablewasherand cotter pin arrangement designated 338. The intermediate point ol'lever 3381's: pivot-ally connected to block'ttii' which is rigidly affixed upon vertical rod Siliwhich is free to" slide in the brackets 3%! which are rigidly attached to vertical plate 32%; The left end of" lever 3'36' is slotted at 3d? and through this slot passes stud 3'43 integral with the nut 34! upon screw 3&5; Lever 336 is held upon stud by the cotter pin and washer arrangement designated S lt; A second arm ii lis parallel'to thearm' t'edand is attached tothe'b'lock t'dfi'an'd nut3 l Finthesamemanner as just'described and is mounted upon shaft 323 ahead of roller 324.

Rigidly afiixed to the lower end of vertical rod 340 is the block 348 which carries a stud 349 pivotally connected to the lower end of vertical link 350. The upper end of link 350 is pivotally connected to the rear arm of bell crank 35l which is suitably pivoted about the point 352 and the forward end of link 353 is pivotally connected to the upper arm of this bell crank.

Referring now to Fig. 2 it will be seen that the rear end of link 353 is pivotally connected to horizontal arm 354 which is rigidly attached to the lower end of vertical shaft 355 which passes through stufiing box 356. Rigidly mounted upon the upper end of vertical shaft 355 is the lever 351 to the left end of which is pivotally connected the link 44 to which reference has been made during the discussion of Fig. 1A. Link 42 is attached to the other end of lever 351. The rear ends of these links are attached to the lever 4!) which is rigidly aflixed to the upper part of rudder 34.

It will be recalled that whenever left rudder pedal 362 is pressed forward the left end of lever 3l8 is raised. Shaft 320 is rotated clockwise as seen from the rear and by the action of arm 423 shaft 323 moves downwardly carrying with it the right ends of arms 336 and 341 as well as the roller 324. Member 325 is forced downwardly compressing spring 335. The movement downwardly of shaft 323 and the right ends of levers 336 and 341 causes block 339 and the vertical rod 340 to move in the same direction, levers 336 and 341 pivoting about the points where they are connected to nut 344. The downward movement of vertical rod 340 causes vertical link 35!] and the rear arm of bell crank 351 to move in the same direction. Link 353 moves to the rear. Referring to Fig. 2 the right end of arm 354 likewise moves to the rear, vertical shaft 355 rotates clockwise as seen from above as does lever 351. Link 44 therefore moves ahead while link 42 moves to the rear causing arm 48 to rotate clockwise as seen from above. Rudder 34 therefore moves in the same direction. Assuming that the device is moving through the water at an appreciable rate of speed this movement of the rudder 34 in response to a pressing forward of left rudder pedal 382 results in an increase in pressure upon the left side of the rudder. The rear end of the device therefore moves to the right and the forward end to the left in simulation of the turning to the left of a real plane in actual flight in response to the application of left rudder.

It will be understood without detailed explanation that when the right rudder pedal 304 is positioned forward the roller 324 moves upwardly against the action of spring 333 and consequently the movements of the elements between the rudder 34 and roller 324 are in the opposite direction from that just described. The result is, of course, a turning to the right of the apparatus of this invention.

The provision of the longerons 2B and 32,.

of a real plane in actual flight to the left or right in response to corresponding movementsof the 16 rudder pedals in the plane. Positive rudder and rudder pedal centering means are also provided.

Means for producing automatic turn with bank Referring again for the purposes of comparison to a plane in actual flight, when the plane is banked in response to the lateral displacement of the control stick, in the absence of any manipulation of the rudder pedals the plane'turns about its vertical axis in' the direction of the bank. If the'plane is banked to the left it also turns to the left while if it is banked to the right it turns to the right. This automatic turning of the plane in the direction of bank is commonly referred to as automatic turn with bank. Upon returning the plane to level flight the turning ceases.

Also in the case of a plane in actual flight when the plane is banked in a given direction by applying opposite rudder the plane may be maintained in straight flightthat is, no turning as a result of the bank occurs, but the plane moves straight ahead in the banking position. On the other hand when the plane is banked in a given direction and rudder is applied in the direction of the bank, the rate of turning of the plane is greater than in the case where the only primary action is the banking of the plane.

Means for simulating these phases of actual flight in the apparatus of this invention will now be disclosed.

Referring to Fig. 5 the screw 345 is rotatably mounted in the brackets 358 which are affixed to the vertical plate 32 l. Rigidly attached to the upper end of screw 345 is the gear 359 which is driven by pinion 360 mounted upon the output shaft 36| of reversible motor 362. Bracket 363 is rigidly held by plate 321 and stud 364 is integral with this bracket. Pendulum hub 365 is held upon stud 364 by the washer and cotter pin arrangement 366. Pendulum 361 is afiixed to the lower end of arm 368 the upper end of which is attached to hub 365. Another arm 369 has one end attached to hub 365 and pivotally connected to the other end of this arm is arm 310 which is associated with dash pot 31l held by the bracket 312 which also holds motor 362. The dash pot dampens the movements of the pendulum. r

A third arm 313 is attached to hub 365 and the upper end of link 314 is pivotally connected thereto. The lower end of link 314 is pivotally connected to lever 315 which is rotatably mounted upon the fixed stud 316. carried by bracket 330. The other end of lever 315 carries a stud 311 and the right end of walking beam 318 is pivotally mounted upon stud 311. The other end of arm 318 is pivotally connected to vertical link 319 the upper end of which is pivotally connected to the arm 388 which is affixed to nut 344'.

A slot 381 is provided in walking beam 318 for adjusting the position of the lower end of vertical link 382 relative to walking beam 318. The lower end of link 332 is pivotally connected to walkin beam 318 at the slot 381 and affixed to theupper end of link 382 is extension 383 which has a stud 384 rotatably mounted therein. The

other end of this stud is fixedly carried by the Three vertically disposed leaves 388, 389 and mentioned leaf 385'. All of" these leaves are rotatably mounted upon the stud 38-1. The rearmost leaf 388 hasa horizontalintegral car 39! and integral with this ear is an upwardly disposed projection 392* to which the upper end of spring 393 is connected. The leaf" 3'83" lies a d jacent leaf 388 and has a corresponding horizontal projection 39:8 and" downwanll' disposed projection 396-to which'the' lower end of spring 333 is connected. Leaf 3-90 lies between leaf 3-99 and leaf 385', this leaf" having a groove 32' adapted to engage the contact leaf 398 of the switch designated generally in Fig. 5 by 359. Leaf 398 carries suitable'c'on'tact points Hlfad'apted to engage the contact points dill of the upper contact strip'4fi3' or to engage contact points 402 of the lower'contact strip 495 of switch 399, depending upon the position of leaf 385 which is controlled by the vertical position of link 38-2 and extension 333. Switch 399" is connected to motor 362 in the manner shown" in Fig: 4 to which reference will shortlybe made.

In Fig. 5 it will be seen that whenlink 382" is in the neutral position; leaf 385is inthehorizontal' plane and therefore the tension of spring 3% similarly positions the" other three leaves. Leaf 3% under these circumstances positions leaf 3% so that its contacts do not engage-the contacts lfli of strip G83 nor the contacts 4oz of strip 434. In this event referring to' Fig. 4 where the contacts 688 are shown schematically in the neutral position, it will be'understood that even though switch lll5-be closed; motor'i'fi'zcan not run; However," in the event that pendulum 361 is moved in such a direction as to pull link 382" and extension downwardlyfromthe neutral position, as seen in Fig. 5A; thedownward rotation of leaf 325 engages the ear 3194 of leaf 38.9 forcing this leaf downward. The

downward movement of this leaf and'the tension upon spring 3533' forces leaf 3238 downwardly and the ear of this leaf engages'leaf' 39!} and moves it in the same" direction; Contact strip 398" therefore moves downwardly and thecontacts illil upon this strip engage'the contacts 4532 of block 4%. Referring to'Fig. 4 it will be seen that whcncontacts'ailli engage'contacts it? current may flow from the battery' 92' along conductor through" the field winding ifill'of'moi tor3t32 and along conductor' lil'fl. Gurrent cannot flow from'the contact an connectedto' conductor tale to the contact Mlhbecausethesecontacts are open and consequently it flows'along conductor elttothe upper contacts4fl2 and 4GB of 'Fig. 5. Conductor il lthen carries thecurrent through the armature and brushes 4%? of motor 352 and by means of conductor 413'- it is carriedback throughthe lower contacts4lli! and 4&2 to the conductor ti l. Upper contacts 400 and 4M being open, current will flow by means of the conductor 494 through thefield'windin'g 425 of motor 3&2 to switch 485 and foack to the battery 92. Motor 362 will therefore run in a given direction. The running of motor 352 moves the nut 34 along screw 345 andthe re sultant downward movement of the'ends of levers and 3t? attached tonut 344 causes block 339 and sliclable rod to move up or down as the case may be. It has been previously shown that a movement of this rod. 3453- by virtue of the link L50, bell crank 35!, link .353- and the other parts shown at the bottom of' Fig. 2 connecting link 353 with rudder 34 produces a turningof the rudder..

Iii

. "f8 7 v 6n the other hand, assuming that the pendulunr 351" is effectively displaced in the opposite direction with respect to the other parts of the situation prevails current will flow from battery llt'alcngconcluctor 406 through thefield'winding 328"" and along conductor 409 to the lower contact lll. (Current will not flow along conductor it-ll Because: contacts dill)- and 402 are open) Frorncontact 40"! current flows to lower contact 459 alongcon'ductor M3 and downwardly in Fig. l through tliearmature and brushes 412'. Conducto'r 211- carries the current to upper contact 4% and inasmuch as this contact engages the upper contact- 4st, the current will flow along conductor 4 l-4' through the field winding 415 and switch back to battery 92. In this instance the'current'ilows through the'field windings 468 andJ4 l-5-inthe' samedirection as-in' the previously outlined case b nt flows through the armature and brushes M2 in the opposite direction. Consequently motor 362 will turn in th'eopposite'directio'n; nut will movealong screw 345 in the opposite directionand aspreviously explained the rudder d l will be turnedin the opposite'direction;

Consequently it willbe understood that when vertical l'inl' 3 82 and extension 3&3 are" in the neutral position, i rotor 362 does not run. In

the event thislinh and extension are moved dow'nwardly'from then'eut'ral position motor 352 turns' in agiven" direction and by the intermediatel'y disclosed mechanism therudder3'4 isturned in a given direction tocause'thedevice to'turn about its vertical axis. on the other hand if vertical link and extension 333" are moved upwardly from their neutral positions motor 362 is energized to' turn in the" opposite direction and; rudder tit-responds accordingly to turn the device in the opposite direction.

Specifically, referring to'Fig. 5; assuming that the apparatus of this invention is banked to the left; pendulum 357! of course'maintains pendulum arm .368 in the vertical position. The

banking of the apparatus to the left causes the fuselage It to move to the left of the level flight position but the'ch'aniber" it" in which the unit shown-- in Fig. 5" is housed moves to the right as does vertical plate 321 and. all of the parts carried thereby; The effect therefore is as thoughpendulumt'tl were moved'to the left and verticalplate'ltzl remained stationary. Under the's'e conditions arm313move's downwardly with: respect to vertical plate 321 and link 3T4 moves in the same direction. The left end of level" Sit: moves downwardly; this lever pivotiilg about the'stud 3'75 and" the right end of lever- 3 1's "moves" upwardly carrying with" it stud 3W, Theright end of walking beam 378 moves upwardly; the" walkingbeam in" this instance pivoting" about thepoint at which it is attached to link 339. Link-582' and extension" llttmove upwardlyand" as previously explained; by" the switch actuating means shown in Fig. 5A, the contact lea-f: 3 98 moves upwardly and contact is i'nade -by the contacts 400 and 4!; Motor 362 is energized to rotate screw 345 in such a direction that the nut 344 moves downwardly.

The downward movement of nut 344 by means viously shown, the downward movement of block 339 and rod 340 causes a turning of the device to the left.

Means have therefore been disclosed whereby upon a banking to the left of the device the rudder 34 is turned in the correct direction to cause a turning to the left of the device.

On the other hand assuming that the device is banked to the right, it will be understood that the effect is as though pendulum 361 were moved to the right in Fig. 5. It will be readily understood without a detailed explanation that such a movement of pendulum 361 causes link .382 and extension 383 to move downwardly and as has already been shown motor 362 will be energized to turn in the opposite direction from the case when the device was banked to the left; screw 345 will be turned in the opposite direction; nut 344 will move upwardly carrying block 339 and rod 340 in the same direction; and such a movement of rod 340 turns rudder 34 by means of the intermediate connecting parts in the direction required to turn the apparatus to the right.

Consequently means are disclosed whereby whenever the apparatus of this invention is banked to the left an automatic turning to the left occurs and when the device is banked to the rightan automatic turning to the right results.

Assuming that the device has been banked to the left and by the previously described means the vertical links 382 and 383 have been moved upwardly to cause motor 362 to turn in such a direction as to move nut 344 downwardly thereby resulting in a turning to the left of the trainer, it will be understood that means must be provided for stopping motor 362 when rudder 34 has been turned through the amount necessary to produce the required amount of turn for the prevalent degree of bank. Otherwise a very slight degree of bank might result in a degree of turn all out of proportion to the amount of turn with bank experienced in actual flight.

. Bearing in mind that when the device is banked to the left vertical link 382 and extensionv 383 move upwardly to energize motor 362 and nut 344 moves downwardly to actuate the rudder 34 referring to Fig. 5, it will be seen that as nut 344 moves downwardly link 319 moves in the same direction forcing the left end of walking beam 318 down. In this instance walking beam 318 pivots about stud 311 and as nut 344 moves downwardly link 382 and extension 383 move in the same direction. When nut 344 has moved sufficiently far downwardly, link 382 and extension 383 will have moved downwardly far enough to center the leaves designated generally 386 in Fig. '5 and motor 362 stops. The travel of nut 344 therefore neutralizes the switching leaves and at the same time increases the rate of turning. when the nut has traveled far enough to neutralize the switching leaves it has turned the rudder the correct amount, and it will be understood that this amount depends upon the amount of relative displacement between pendulum 361 and plate 32I.

It will be understood without further detailed iii) explanation'that in the event the trainer is banked to the right the previously described parts operate in exactly the same manner except that their direction of action is reversed to limit the amount of turn with bank. I I

Therefore not only are means disclosed for producing automatic turn with bank but means are incorporated in the apparatus to limit the amount of turn in accordance with the degree of bank;

Assuming that the device has been banked in the manner discussed-and the motor 332 has been energized to properly position rudder 34 to give the required degree of turn withbank and the previously disclosed limiting means have then stopped motor 362, when the device is returned to level transverse flight, means must be provided to return the rudder 34 to the neutral position in order that the turning of the apparatus will not continue. The previously disclosed parts accomplish this desired function in the following manner. Assuming that the device was banked to the left and nut 344 was moved downwardly to turn the trainer to the left and switch actuating leaves 338 had been returned to the neutral position to stop motor 362, when the device is returned to level flight, vertical plate 32! and the parts carried thereby move to the left with respect to pendulum 361. The effect is the same as though pendulum 361 were moved to the right with respect to vertical plate 32L Such a movement of the pendulum will, as previously shown, energize motor 362'in the opposite direction from which it was energized when the trainer was banked to the left and nut 344 will be moved'upwardly until the leaves 386 have been neutralized. This neutralization will occur when nut 344 is centered along screw 345 and at this point rudder 34 is in the central position. Again, it is deemed unnecessary to show that the apparatus performs the same function upon recovering from a right bank.

Consequently means are provided whereby upon the returning of the device to level flight the turning of the device is stopped.

It has been stated that in the case of a plane in actual flight in the event the plane is banked it normally turns in the direction of the bank but by the application of opposite rudder the turning may be prevented. It has been shown that when the apparatus of this invention is banked to the left nut 344 moves downwardly and the device turns to the left. However, if the student presses forward right rudder pedal 304 seen in Fig. 2, cable 322 moves the right end of lever 3H3 upwardly as seen in Figs. 2 and 5, and consequently roller 324 moves in the same direction. The downward movement of nut 344 normally moves block 333 and rod 343 in the same direction but the upward movement of roller 324 in response to the rudder pedal movement would cancel such a movement of block 339 and rod 34!). Consequently no turning of the apparatus would result.

It will be understood without a detailed explanation that if the device were banked to the right and nut 344 were moved upwardly by motor 362, the pressing forward of left rudder pedal 302 would move roller 324 down and consequently block 339 and rod 340 would remain stationary. No turning of the device would result.

Consequently this invention discloses apparatus whereby the device normally turns in the direction of the bank but the turning may be offset by an applicationof opposite rudder.

Again, in the case of a plane in actual flight,

ablockQ339 and rod 3M) .a givenlamount.

the :plane znot only. normally turns Bin ithe iiirecition :of the shank but .if I the rudder'pedalscorrezsponding to the-direction :of the bank is pressed forward the degree of turn is increased. f-At'ithe :esanre time in this invention :if Lthe'trainer banked to the left nut 3A4 moves downwardlylcarrying Levers 36and 314'! pivot in this instance about sha'ft i323. IIf at the same time left rudder pedali302 :bezpressed forward roller .324 also moves :down- -wardlyvand block 339 and rod 3 lill are further imoved -downwardly. Consequently rudder 34 tturnsto a greater extent and the degree of turn is increased. Right bank and the application o'f' right 'rudder similarly combine to'move block 339-and rod Mil-upwardly a greater extent tha'n in relatively long period of time'untiltthe point :ls reached where the lift upon the wingsis sufiiwzcient, :upon a pulling back of the control .stick,

.to zcause'the plane-to clear .the ground. When the iplane clears the ground the loss otiground ifrictionmesultsiin an increase in airspeedand *.consequently in hit. Means for increasing'the length oftime between the complete opening .of Lthe throttle in the device of this .invention and the: time at which the wingsiB-andlli are moving through the water at a sufficientlyrapid rate so .that a-pulling back of the controlstick 185.! will iresultiina lifting of the pontoonsand upper part of central column l2 outof the-water, which -movement-=simulates .theleaving of a plane from athe-groundor water, willnow be disclosed. :In :the absence of such means, the trainer would be flying in much too short a length of time.

Reference is made'to Fig 2 wheretthe arrangement of the throttle lever 82 and .partslconnecting the throttle with link 1 l8 has-beenipreviously discussed. It will berecalled that an opening 'of throttle- BZ causes sleeve H6 to move .to the rear compressing spring lZl. In the event'that =such -a movement of throttle 32 takes placeilink t I 8, byvirtue of the compression-upon spring lz l *will' tend to move to the rear, but-as is .best seen in Fig. 3-block 4'!!! is adjustably-mounted upon link l tli 'bymeans of set screw Ml. Two connecting strips 412 (only one shown) are proadded, each of these members having vits lower fiend attached .to-block 419 by means of screws 41 4. "The-upper end of each of these members is :pivotallymounted upon stud M6 which is'integr-al 'with 'block 418. This block is slidably mounted mpon sleeve .488, the interior of which isthreaded for 'fcoaction with-screw 482. Fixedly mounted uiponfthe top of block 418 by suitable means is anzinsulating block "486, anda pair of contacts M88 and i- 9!: are affixed to insulating block 486.

JEBl'orck 1493 is :adjustably aflixed by means ..of sscrews 1494 .upon'sleeve *486 for movement thereiwithaa'nd an insulating block 495 is rigidly affixed -1Ipon thetop of this "block. *A pair of contacts 500 and 592 are in turn rigidly afiixed upon "the top of -in-sul'a'ting block 436.

Block 1506 is adjustablyiafiixed' upon "the other end of sleeve "48!! by means of screws 598 for movement with this sleeve, and insulating block -r5l0 is.rigidly.affixed .upon the top of the block. Apair of contacts 5l4and :5l6 areirigidly-afiixed .upon the topo'f'insulating :block 5113. :Aguide i529 isl-a'diustably mounted within bi0cks4'93 and 15.0.6 landlblflk '41 8 is. free to slide along thisuguide. :A ibracket F444 is provided, this bracket being xrigidlyafiixedto the frame (not shown) of the eunitpzthe framein turn being rigidly mounted within fuselage 139. The lower end .of'ibracket 44d'zisin :the form ofa fork to guide the forward .end oil-ink EH28, allowingthat end of the :lirikzto move up and down because of the arcuatecmovement of the lower end of :throttle lever Big-and z-also to'prevent contact blocks 418, 393 and 506 :as .well .as sleeve '48!) from rotating with .screw l8'2.

iRigidly afiixed upon the rear end of the Escrow shaft-482 issgear 532. This gear is drivenby the :reduction gear train designated generally by 534, this trainiinturn being driven by-gear '536 which is .fixed .upon-theoutput shaft 5.38 of the revers- Jible'motorz5 i0.

lReferringinow to Fig. 2,":When throttle 82 .is :placed in thecompletely open position link "I [8 'moves to the rear because of the .compression of spring l'24. However, as seen in Fig. 3, this :movement-to the :rear of link I I8 alsormoves block 41!] .in thessame direction and by the action ofconnecting strip M2 block l'iil'alsomoves to the rear. Howeventhe movement of link M8 to the-rear is limited by the amount that block 418 may fmove-before it is against block 493. Consequent- JIyJreferring toZFig. 2,- the movementwhich isimparted to bell crank 13% xa's'aresult of the com- :plete opening of throttle 82 is also limitedv by the tpossible'movement of block i'l'ci. Further, the aopening of butterfly valve [52 is also limited'by rthis same arrangement. Consequently, .a com- .plete'opening of throttle 32 does not immediately .result in a complete'opening of butterfly valve a l-52 zandqen'gine we willnot immediately run at :its maximum speed, although some imngdiatein- .creaseLin' the speed of the engine results from the itravelof'block l18 until it engages block t-93. Thisdncreas'e issufficientto permit taxiing of 'the device'ithrough the water. The rateof movement of the device through the water therefore will be limited.

:Howevenassoon as'block 478 contacts block 'I93 it will be seen that contact 488 will engage JCOIltQLCt i500 and at the same time contact 49 0 Will come into engagement with contact 502. Re- Zferring to Fig.4, as soon as-contaot 488 touches contact 500 and contact 49b comes into engage- 'mentwith contact 502 which positions are shown -iniFig. 4*in' solid lines, current will flow i from battery "Br-through field windinge iz of motor 54 -and-ithen along conductors M4 and eteto contacts 490 and 502. (Contactsiil'll and 5M will be open a's later shown.) From there the currentflows "along conductor 5 i8 until it reaches contact points E5Il and 55!. The purpose of these contacts will be iater described, it being deemed sufficient to state at this time that they are normally closed. Conductor 552 then carriesthe current to conductor 554 which connects with brushes and armature'designated 55B of motorStD. (Contacts W8 and-6|2as will also be shown later, are normally open.) I Current therefore 'flows diagrammatically in Fig. 4 through the-brushes and armature to the 'l'ef t and "to conductor 558-to con- .75 iduetor 560. Current :cannot :pass from 'eontact 

